History Of the Internet

History of the telephone

Derived - In the 1870s, two inventors Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell both independently designed devices that could transmit speech electrically (the phone). Both men rushed their respective designs to the patent office within hours of each other, Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone in advance. Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell entered into a famous legal battle over the invention of telephones, which Bell won.

Alexander Graham Bell - Evolution Telegraph to Telephone

The telegraph and telephone are both wire-based electrical systems, and Alexander Graham Bell's success with the telephone came as a direct result of efforts to improve the telegraph.

When Bell began experimenting with electrical signals, the telegraph has been established means of communication for some 30 years. Although a highly successful system, the telegraph, with point-and-dash Morse code, was basically limited to receiving and sending one message at a time. Bell's extensive knowledge of the nature of sound and his understanding of music enabled him to conjecture the possibility of transmitting multiple messages over the same wire at the same time. Although the idea of ​​multiple telegraph had been in existence for some time, Bell offered his own musical or harmonic approach as a possible practical solution. "Harmonic telegraph" was based on the principle that several notes could be sent simultaneously along the same wire if the notes or signals is different in the field.

Alexander Graham Bell - Speak with Power

In October 1874, Bell's research had progressed so far that he could inform his future father-in-law, Boston attorney Gardiner Greene Hubbard, about the possibility of a telegraph. Hubbard, who upset then given absolute control by the Western Union Telegraph Company, instantly saw the potential for breaking such a monopoly and gave Bell the financial support they need. Bell continued his work on multiple telegraph, but he did not tell Hubbard that he and Thomas Watson, a young electrician who requested her services, also explores the idea occurred to him that summer - which is developing a device that would transmit speech electrically.

While Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson worked on the harmonic telegraph at the urgent insistence of Hubbard and other support, Bell continued to meet in March 1875 with Joseph Henry, the respected director of the Smithsonian Institution, who listened to Bell's ideas for a telephone and offered encouraging words. Henry encouraged by the positive opinion, Bell and Watson continued their work. In June 1875 the goal of creating a device that would transmit speech electrically will be realized. They have proven that different tones would vary the strength of an electric current in a wire. To achieve success because they only need to build a working transmitter with a membrane capable of a variety of electronic currents and a receiver that would reproduce the variations in audible frequencies.

First Beep

On June 2, 1875, Alexander Graham Bell while experimenting with a technique called "harmonic telegraph" discovered he could hear sound over a wire. The sound is a twanging clock spring.

Bell's greatest success achieved on March 10, 1876, marked not only the birth of the telephone but the death of a telegraph, too. Communications potential contained in his demonstration could "talk with electricity" far beyond anything that simply increasing the ability of a system of dot-and-dash may imply.

First, the sound - Mr. Watson, come here. I want to see you.

Alexander Graham Bell's notebook entry is March 10, 1876 describes a successful experiment with the telephone. Speaking through the instrument of his assistant, Thomas A. Watson, in the next room, Bell said those famous first words, "Mr. Watson - come here - I want to see you."

Alexander Graham Bell - Biography Brief

Was born on March 3, 1847 in Edinburgh, Scotland, Alexander Graham Bell was the son and grandson of authorities in elocution and speech correction over. Educated to pursue a career in the same specialty, his knowledge of the nature of the sound makes it not only teach the deaf, but also to create a phone

History of Computer Hardware

Derived - Computer is already a necessity for every person. Almost everyone now require a computer to facilitate his work. Sharing this time is about the history of Hardware / Computer hardware and development, the opposite of the history of the software that I share yesterday. Okay just about history Hardware / Computer hardware.

Definition of Computer

Computer term has a broad meaning and differ for each person. The term computer (computer) is taken from the Latin word meaning computare count (to compute or to reckon).

Charles Babbage was an English mathematician nation. He invented a calculating machine called a difference engine in 1822. The machine was used to calculate mathematical tables. in 1833, Charles Babbage's difference engine develops again called analytical engine that can perform any calculations. So this machine is known as the General Purpose Digital Computer. Beliaupun considered the father of modern computers as a donation to the very large world.

In 1937, Prof Howard Aikem, a mathematician from Harvard University. He penbuatan designing a computer capable of performing arithmetic and logical operations automatically. In 1944, in collaboration with Prof. Howard Aikem IBM company completed electronically kompute named "Harvard MARK I, Controlle Automatic Sequence Calculator (ASCC). In development is divided into several genarasi computer, according to ability (capability), cost (efficiency), and the use of easy yan (user frendly).

According Blissmer (1985), a computer is an electronic device capable of performing multiple tasks, which receive input, process the input in accordance with the instructions, keep the commandments, and the results of its processing, and provides output in the form of information.

Meanwhile, according to Sanders (1985), a computer is an electronic system to manipulate data quickly and accurately as well as designed and organized in order to automatically receive and store input data, processes it, and produces output based on the instructions that have been stored in memory. And many more experts are trying to define it differently on the computer. However, in essence it can be concluded that the computer is an electronic device that can accept input, process the input, provide information, using a program stored in the computer's memory, to store programs and results processing, and works automatically.

From the definition, there are three important terms, the input (data), data processing, and information (output). Data processing using a computer known as electronic data processing (EDP) or elecronic the data processing (EDP). Data is a collection of events that raised a fact (fact), to the form of numbers, letters, special symbols, or a combination of all three. Data still not able to tell a lot more that needs to be processed further. Data processing is a process of manipulation of data into a form that is more useful and more means, in the form of an information. Thus, information is the result of a data processing activities that provide a more meaningful form of a fact. Therefore, electronic data processing is the process of manipulation of data into a more meaningful form of an information by using an electronic device, the computer.

Computer Systems

So that the computer can be used to process the data, it must form a system called the computer system. In general, the system consists of elements that are interconnected to form a single unit to carry out an essential purpose of the system. The ultimate goal of a computer system is to process the data to produce information that needs to be supported by elements consisting of hardware (hardware), software (software), and brain-ware. Computer hardware is the equipment itself, is a software program that contains commands to perform certain processes, and the human brain ware is involved in the systems operate and manage the computer. The third element of the computer system should be interconnected and form a unity. Hardware without software is not going to mean anything, just the form of inanimate objects. Both hardware and software also may not work if there are no humans who operate them.

Computer developments:

Generation 1: in the year 1946 to 1956, this generation rely on a vacuum tube (vacuum tube). This computer needs space, and is famous for its low-ability of heat. Storage size of only about + / - 2000 bytes and to run the program and printing is still done manually.

Generation 2: in the year 1957 to 1963. Transistor replaced the vacuum tube in storing and processing information. Transistors in a smaller, less heat and mengkomsusikan little power. Berkapasistas storage size of 32 kb with a speed of 20,000-30,000 orders per second.

Generation 3: in the year 1964 to 1975. Itergrated circuit (IC) has been used on the computer. Size of 2 megabytes of storage capacity with a speed of + / - 5 million per second. This generation also introduced a technology that is easy to use software.

Generation 4: 1980-present. Computers have been using technology Very Large-Scale Integrated Circuits (VLSIC). In a chip, the technology is able to accommodate millions circuit. This chip called the microprocessor. Storage size has a large capacity with speeds of millions of orders per second.

History of Software

Derived - We know, computers need data or facts, which was at the time the data inputted will be translated into a binary. Machine or a computer to process the fact data into a useful information for its users. By Computer is expected to improve the work and solve various problems. Before the data is processed into information through the hardware located on the CPU by using the software. Software is a program or software of the computer. Is a software program that contains instructions to perform data processing. Currently, the level of processing that is done the software is machine-like (wish machine) began to change with the nature of human-like (human desires). In the information theory, hierarchical structured information, ranging from data / facts, then after selection and sorting process into something useful into information. Information in a systematic stacking with a certain logic flow into knowledge (knowledge). Hardware will not work without the software and vice versa software not function without the hardware. Both of these devices are interrelated so that the computer can function properly. Technological developments, especially in the hardware continues to be offset by the use of computer software to be maximal. Computer skills to be especially related to hardware and software, and therefore required that the software actually supports devices kerasnya.Bentuk simplest of software, using Boolean algebra, which are represented as binary digits (bits), which is 1 ( true) or 0 (false), this way is definitely very difficult, so people began to group the bits into nible (4 bits), byte (8 bits), word (16 bits), double word (32 bits). Groups in stacking these bits into structures such as storage instructions, transfer, arithmetic operations, logic operations, and is in the form of bits converted into code that is known as an assembler. Machine code itself is quite difficult because it demands to be able to memorize the code and formatting (rules) the writing is quite confusing, the problem is then born of high level programming languages ??such as human language (English). Currently making software has become a very complex production process, with the sequence of a long process involving dozens or even hundreds of people in the making. Based software development until now divided into several eras, namely:

1. Starter Era (Pioneer) Forms software initially is the connections between the inner cable into the computer, How to access a computer using punched card is a card that is in the holes. The use of the computer when it is done right, a program for a machine for a particular purpose. In this era, the software is an integral part of the hardware. The use of computers is done directly and the results were completed on the computer working on a print out. Process will be undertaken in the form of lines of computer instructions sequentially in the process.
2. Stable Era the era of computer use is much stable in use, not only by the researchers and academics, but also by industry / company. Software companies have sprung up, and a software can run multiple functions, from this software began to shift into a product. Command lines run the software on the computer is no longer a one-on-one, but it was as much the process will be undertaken simultaneously (multi-tasking). A software capable of resolving multiple users (multi-user) rapidly / instantly (real time). In this era began in familiar database system, which separates the program (processing) with the data (which is in the process).
3. Micro Era In line with the broader PC and computer networks in this era, is also developing software to meet individual needs. The software can be differentiated into the system software responsible for handling internal and application software that is used directly by the user for specific purposes. Automation is in software leads to a kind of artificial intelligence.

History of Computer Viruses

Derived - The existence of information technology companies specializing in computer security is not surprising. Right now there are more than 70,000 known computer viruses. Any virus prevention program needs and always needs to be kept up to date.

History of computer virus contracted by a record according to Daniel Tynan of PC World started tahun1982. When it spread through Apple II floppy disks and named for Elk Cloner. On the monitor screen will be displayed the text ends with the words, "Yes-it's Cloner!"

Himself used the term virus started in 1983 by a student of the University of Southern California (USC) named Fred Cohen. Definition is a computer program that can replicate and can destroy the program.

The first virus to infect IBM type computer called Brain. Appeared in 1986 and stored over 360KB floppy disks. The text file contained in it also contains the name of its creator two Pakistani brothers, Basit and Amjad Farooq Alvi. An experimental virus accidentally escaped from a laboratory in Israel. The virus was named Jerusalem and attacked on Friday the 13th. The entire program affected on that day will be erased.

While the first worm, a virus but can not replicate, which spread through the Internet, appeared in 1988. Created by S1 student Robert Morris Jr, worms causing losses of between 10 hingga100 million dollars in 6000 Unix systems.

Until the early 90s the number of known virus reached virus 300.Baru in 1992 that got the attention of the mass media named Michelangelo. Created to operate on March 6 (the birthday of the famous mural painters of Italy) this virus successfully infects 5,000 to 10,000 computers.

In addition in the boot sector virus that emerged in 1987 called Stoned which does not break anything, then came the various hoax virus that swept the world. Hoax viral over the Internet that it did not harm is Good Time which reportedly spread via the internet in 1994. Since it is often such cases occur Good Time.

1995 to 1997 new viruses appear equally attacking computer-based Apple Macintosh or IBM-Windows. In the mid 90s up to 10,000 known viruses. And the beginning of the new millennium has reached 70,000. We're still new at the starting point, the opinion of experts of this field

History of Laptop or Notebook

Derived - Before the laptop was technically introduced, the idea of ? a computer that easily moved by Alan Kay noted. This can be seen in the Dynabook concept developed by Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Center) in the early 1970s. This concept is the development of the Alto prototype which was also done by Xerox PARC.

The first portable computer that is commercially marketed Osborne 1, which was developed in 1981. This computer was the first computer that can be taken anywhere even when using it we have to connect it to the power house. With a thin CRT screen size of 5 "and weighs 23.5 pounds (12 kg), the computer uses the CP / M operating system and is equipped with a 4 MHz Z80 CPU, main memory 65 kilobytes, and floppy disk drives.

In 1983 the first product from Compaq which was also quite successful, the Compaq Portable. This product is an IBM clone computers, because at that time IBM is a standard program for all computers. This computer is more portable than the Osborne 1 because it is lighter. The same operating system used by the Osborne 1, the CP / M OS. Moreover computers also run MS-DOS programs.

Other computers that also released this year is the Epson HX-20. This product actually was developed in 1981, but its release was only implemented in 1983. Computers that fall into this category of handheld computer using a full keyboard with 68 keys, nickel cadmium battery (NiCd) rechargeable ones, dot-matrix LCD display with a resolution of 120 x 32 pixels. The screen is capable of displaying 4 lines with each line containing 20 characters. There are also BASIC and MS-16 kibibyte RAM that can be enlarged to 32 kibibyte.

The existence of the laptop that can be debated starting with the GRiD Compass 1101 launch in April 1982. This computer designed by Bill Moggridge of British Industrial in 1979. Materials used to make it is a mixture of magnesium by taking seashells models (Clamshell). With this model can be closed with a computer screen is at the top position and dealing with the keyboard.

This laptop uses an Intel 8086, electroluminescent display (CGA) with a resolution of 320 x 200 pixels, and 384 kilobytes of bubble memory. It also uses a modem with a speed of 1200 bits per second. Hardrive and floppy disks associated with the use of 488 I / O (known as GPIB = General Purpose Bus Instrumental). The operating system used is GRID-OS.

Computer issued by GRID Systems Corp.. This, during the 1980s is used by NASA and the U.S. military. In 1988 GRIDD System Corp.. taken over by the Tandy Corporation (RadioShack).

In 1983 the newly issued new computers sold around 1984, the Sharp PC-500 and the Gavilan SC. Gavilan was the first portable computer that uses the name 'laptop'. Both computers use the same model with GRID Compass, the shell models. In addition they also use the LCD screen and can be connected to the optional printer.

In 1983 also launched a computer capable of performing the most sales for the first time in the history of the laptop, the Kyocera Kyotronic 85. This laptop was quickly licensed by Tandy Corp.., Olivetti, and NEC. They saw this computer has great potential for success as well as the TRS-80 Model 100 (or Tandy 100), Olivetti M-10, NEC PC-8201.

This machine is operated using standard AA batteries. Tandy complete with BASIC program, a text editor, and a terminal program, which is provided by Microsoft and written directly by Bill Gates. In addition it also applied tiltable LCD screen with 8 x 40 characters and an internal modem.

In terms of ease of take, durability and long lasting battery, and the price is cheap, the computer is becoming a favorite among journalists. It weighed more than 2 kg, with dimensions of 30 x 21.5 x 4.5 cm (12 "x 8.5" x 1.75 "). Moreover this laptop uses 8 KiB of RAM that can be raised to 24 KiB, and a 3 MHz processor.

On May 3 April 1986 IBM launched the first laptop with a commercial purpose, the IBM PC Convertible. The laptop comes with a 3.5 "floppy disk drive which is a standard device. The processor used is an Intel 80c88, which is a CMOS version of the Intel 8088, which operates at 4.77 MHz. There are the 256 KiB of RAM which can be enlarged to 512 KiB. With LCD display and a weight of 13 pounds, this computer comes with a handle that makes it easier to carry. This laptop uses a battery as its power source.

Paa 1987 Toshiba launched two products at the same time, the T1000 and T1200. Although limited to just using the DOS operating system and stored in ROM, the two models from Toshiba has a shape that is very small and light so that it fits to carry in a backpack. It also uses lead-acid batteries.

In 1987 the U.S. Air Force offered him a contract to make laptops in large numbers, reaching 200,000 units. Competition for this contract occurs among a large laptop industry, such as IBM, Toshiba, Compaq, NEC, and Zenith Data Systems (ZDS).

ZDS who previously have won an agreement with the IRS with Z-171, was awarded the contract with its products, supersport. Supersport is equipped with an Intel 8086 processor, dual floppy disk drive, backlit, LCD display STN blue and white, and NiCd batteries. For the next processor used is an Intel 80286 with a 20 MB hard drive. This makes ZDS became the biggest supplier of laptop during the period 1987-1988.

To fulfill this contract, ZDS partnered with Tottori Sanyo doing to provide it. It was a collaboration for the first time between a famous brand OEM (Original Equipment Manufacture) from Asia. Furthermore many well-known computer manufacturers are working with OEMs from Asia, such as Compaq and Citizen. It also resulted in the growing OEM in Asia, such as Chicon, Acer, Quanta, Compal, Twinhead, Sanyo, Tottori Sanyo, Citizen, and Casio.

Launched in 1988 by the Cambridge Computer Z88 Cambridge. This computer was designed by Sir Clive Sinclair, the form of A4 paper. This computer uses power from the battery and comes standard with a basic spreadsheet, word processor, and communications programs. This laptop is a forerunner to the manufacture of PDA.

In 1989, two different companies, NEC and Apple Computer, launched laptop each, namely NEC Ultralit and Apple Machintosh Portable. Nec Ultralit launched in mid-1989. This laptop is probably the first notebook manufactured by NEC. This laptop has a weight of not less than 2 kg. On the computer in which there has been a hard drive and RAM of 2 mebibyte.

Machintosh Portable, launched by Apple Computer has a clear active matrix display and a battery that can last for a long time. Unfortunately, with these conditions, the relatively poor sales of the Mac Portable. This is due to the form of the Mac Portable is less attractive.

Series laptops of Apple Computer, Apple Power Books, was launched in 1991. This is the de facto standard laptop which continue to survive until now. This can be seen in the placement of the keyboard, the availability of the palm rest, and a trackball. Power Books series for the first time using the next screen with 256 colors (Power output 165c Books 1993), touchpad, and a 16-bit recorder. There are also Ethernet Network Adapter (Power Books 500 series output in 1994).

The spring of 1995 was a significant turning point in the history of notebook computers. In August 1995, Miocrosoft introduced Windows 95. This is the first time Microsoft have full control on the management operating system (operating system). Windows 95 is suitable for application on an Intel Pentium processor and in accordance with the existing ROM on notebooks.

History Of Television

Derived - In 1873 a telegraph operator origin Valentia, Ireland named Joseph May found that light affects the electrical resistance of selenium. He realized it could be used to convert light into electric current using a photocell silenium (selenium photocell). Joseph May with Willoughby Smith (engineer of the Telegraph Construction Maintenance Company) did some further experiments reported in the Journal of the Society of Telegraph Engineers. This is an embryo from an image recording technology.

After a long period of time and then created a small metal disc that can rotate with the holes in it by a student named Paul Julius Gottlieb Nipkow (1860-1940), better known Paul Nipkow in Berlin, Germany in 1884 and referred to as the embryo the birth of television. Around 1920 John Logie Baird (1888-1946) and Charles Francis Jenkins (1867-1934) using the work of Paul Nipkow disc to create a system in the image capture, transmission, and reception. They make the whole television system is based on mechanical motion systems, both in broadcasting and reception. At that time undiscovered electrical components vacuum tube (Cathode Ray Tube)

Rather stagnant development of electronic television in those years, mostly due to less mechanical television and resilient. Not only that, but also very difficult to get financial support for research on electronic TV when the TV mechanic is considered able to work very well at that time. Kosmo until Vladimir Zworykin (1889-1982) and Philo T. Farnsworth (1906-1971) succeeded to the electronic TV. With the low cost and the results are going well, then the people at that time gradually began to leave the tv mechanic and replace it with electronic tv.

Vladimir Zworykin, who was one of several experts at the time, enlisted the help of David Sarnoff (1891-1971), Senior Vice President of RCA (Radio Corporation of America). Sarnoff has devoted much attention to the development of mechanical television, and electronic TV foresee the future will have a better commercial. Moreover, Philo Farnsworth also managed to get a sponsor to support the idea and compete with Vladimir.

ELECTRONIC TV

Both Farnsworth and Zworykin, working separately, and both succeeded in making progress for a TV commercial with a very affordable cost. In 1935, they began broadcasts using a fully electronic system. Their main competitor is the Baird Television, which was first broadcast in 1928, using a mechanical system entirely. At that time very few people who have a television, and that they have generally modest quality. At that time the screen size of the TV is only about three to eight inches so that the mechanical and electronic competition is not so obvious, but the competition is there.

RCA TV

RCA TV, TT5 Type 1939 RCA and Zworykin ready for regular TV program, and they demonstrate massively at the World Fair in New York. Enthusiastic people who are so big on the electronic system, causing the National Television Standards Committee [NTSC], in 1941, decided it was time to standardize the transmission of television broadcast system in America. Five months later, all American television stations totaling 22 pieces, is convert the system into the new electronic standard.

In the early years, while the world economic recession, the price of a television set is very expensive. When prices began to fall, American second world war. After the war, television entered the golden era. Unfortunately at that time everyone can just see it in black and white format.

COLOR TV

CBS has actually build the system first color RCA several years before its rivals. But those systems are not compatible with most black and white TV throughout the country. CBS has issued a lot of cost for their color system must recognize the fact that their job ends in vain. Learning from the experience of CBS, RCA began to build the color system according to its own format. They quickly made a color system that is able to be accepted in color or black and white system. After RCA demonstrated their system capabilities, NTSC format and then used as a reference standard for commercial release in 1953.

As time goes by and the development of technology, the television from time to time many improvements and additions ranging from the technology side. For next time slowly began to leave technology television analog and stepped into the era of the so-called digital television with the capability and better quality than previous generation technology commonly known as IPTV [Internet Protocol Television].

History Of Handphone

Derived - According to wiki Indonesia tante Inventor of the first mobile phone system is Martin Cooper, a Motorola factory workers on April 3, 1973, although often mentioned is the inventor of the mobile phone of a team from one division of Motorola (division where Cooper worked) with the first model is DynaTAC. Idea proposed by Cooper is a communication tool that is small and easy to carry travel flexibly.

Cooper and his team faced the challenge of how to include all electronic material into such a small device for the first time. Finally a first mobile phone was successfully completed with a total weight of weighing two kilograms. To make, manufacturer Motorola will cost about U.S. $ 1 million. "In 1983, the portable cellular phone worth U.S. $ 4 thousand (Rp36 million) equivalent to U.S. $ 10 thousand (Rp90 million).

After successfully producing mobile phones, the next biggest challenge is adapting infrastructure to support the mobile phone communication system by creating a network system that only requires 3 MHz spectrum, the equivalent of five TV channels are channeled to the whole world.

Other figures are known to be very instrumental in the mobile communications world is Amos Joel Jr. who was born in Philadelphia, March 12, 1918, he was recognized worldwide as an expert in the field of switching. He received a bachelor's degree (1940) and master's (1942) in electronic engineering from MIT. Not long after studies, he began his career over 43 years (from July 1940-March 1983) at the Bell Telephone Laboratories, where he received more than 70 U.S. patents in the field of telecommunications, particularly in the field of switching. Amos E Joel Jr., making the system connector (switching) from one area of ??the cell phone to another cell area. Switching it should work when mobile users move or move from one cell to another cell so that the conversation is not interrupted. Because Joel Amos invention is the use of mobile phones to be comfortable.

Development

Early generation

History of the discovery of a cell phone can not be separated from the development of radio. Early discovery of cell phones began in 1921 when the Detroit Michigan Police Department tried to use the phone one-way car. Then, in 1928 the Detroit Police Department began using a one-way radio communication on all patrol cars with the frequency of 2MHz.

In further developments, radio evolved into a two-way communication with'''' frequency modulated (FM).

In 1940, Galvin Manufactory Corporation (now Motorola) to develop portable handie-talkie SCR536, which means a communication tool on the battlefield during World War II. This period is a generation 0 cell phone or 0-G, where mobile phones were introduced.

After removing the SCR536, then in 1943 Galvin Manufactory Corporation issued a two-way radio FM partable first named SCR300 backpack model for the U.S. army's equipment weighs about 35 pounds and be able to work effectively within the operating range of 10 to 20 miles.

System 0-G mobile phones still use a VHF radio system to connect the phone directly on PSTNlandline. The weakness of this system is the problem of congestion on the network which then led to efforts to change the system.

Generation 0 ended with the discovery of the modern concept by engineers from Bell Labs in 1947. They find the concept of using hexagonal phone as a basic cell phone. However, this new concept was developed in the 1960s.

Generation 1

The first generation of mobile phones also called 1G. 1-G is the first true mobile phone. In 1973, Martin Cooper of Motorola Corp. found a cell phone first and introduced to the public on April 3, 1973. Cell phone were found by Cooper weighs 30 ounces or about 800 grams. This invention has changed the world forever. Technology used 1-G is still analog and known as AMPS. AMPS uses frequencies between 825 MHz-894 MHz and operated on Band800 Mhz. Because it is analog, then the system is still used regionally. One drawback is the generation of 1-G because the size is too large to be held by the hand. This is because the large size of the purposes of power and poor battery performance. In addition to the generation of 1-G still has problems with mobility users. When placing a call, the user mobility is limited to the range of mobile phone area.

Generation 2

Second generation or 2-G appeared in about 1990. 2G in America already uses CDMA technology, while in Europe uses GSM technology. Using standard GSM frequencies 900 MHz and 1800 MHz frequencies. With these frequencies, GSM has a capacity greater customer. On the 2G generation analog signal has been replaced with a digital signal. The use of digital signal equip cell phones with voice mail, call waiting, and SMS.

Mobile phones in this generation also has a smaller size and lighter due to the use of digital chip technology. The smaller size is also due to the need for a smaller battery power. Advantage of next-generation 2G is the size and weight of the smaller and lower radio signals, thus reducing the harmful effects of radiation users.

Generation 3

This generation is also called 3G network which allows operators to give their users a wider range, including the Internet as well as high-tech video call. In there are 3 standard for 3G telecom world ie Enhance datarates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Wideband-CDMA and CDMA 2000. The downside of this is the 3G generation of relatively higher costs and lack of coverage of the network because this technology is still new. But the interesting thing in this generation is starting the inclusion of the operating system on mobile phones features so as to make more complete PC functionality even close. The operating system used, among others, Symbian, Android and Windows Mobile

Generation 4

This generation is also called Fourth Generation (4G). 4G is a phone system that offers a new approach and infrastructure solutions that integrate wireless technologies that already exist, including wireless broadband (WiBro), 802.16e, CDMA, wireless LAN, Bluetooth, and others. 4G systems based on the heterogeneity of IP networks that allow users to use multiple systems anytime and anywhere. 4G also gives its users high speed, high volume, good quality, global reach, and flexibility to explore a variety of different technologies. Finally, 4G provides fast data delivery services to accommodate a variety of applications such as multimedia, video conferencing, online gaming, and others.